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five solae
The solas (occasionally, ''solae'') of the Protestant Reformation are a set of principles held by theologians and churchmen to be central to that period of change in the western Christian church.〔() 〕 Each sola -- from the Latin meaning "alone" or "only" -- represents a key belief in Christian faith held by the Protestant reformers in contradistinction to the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church of the day. The Reformers claimed that the Roman Catholic Church, especially its head, the Pope, had usurped divine attributes or qualities for the Church and its hierarchy. The precise number of solas varies among commentators, but lists specifying three and five are common.
==History==
The solas were not systematically articulated together until the 20th century. But ''sola gratia'' and ''sola fide'' were used in conjunction by the Reformers themselves. For example, in 1554 Melanchthon wrote, "''sola gratia justificamus et sola fide justificamur''" ("only by grace do you justify and only by faith are we justified"). All of the solas show up in various writings by the Protestant Reformers, but they are not catalogued together by any.〔() 〕
In 1916, Lutheran scholar Theodore Engelder published an article titled "The Three Principles of the Reformation: ''Sola Scriptura, Sola Gratia, Sola Fides''", ("only scripture, only grace, only faith").〔 In 1934, theologian Emil Brunner substituted ''Soli Deo gloriam'' for ''Sola Scriptura''. In 1958, historian Geoffrey Elton, summarizing the work of John Calvin, wrote that Calvin had "joined together" the "great watchwords." Elton listed ''sola fide'' with ''sola gratia'' as one term, followed by ''sola scriptura'' and ''soli Deo gloria''. Later, in commenting on Karl Barth's theological system, Brunner added ''Christus solus'' to the litany of solas while leaving out ''sola scriptura''. The first time the additional two solas are mentioned is in Johann Baptiste Metz's 1965, ''The Church and the World''.〔Metz, Johan Baptiste "The Church and the World", 143〕
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